The 1. 34. 2 St Mary Magdalene flood. Source: Wikipedia (Axel Hindemith).

Flood marks on a building in M. From bottom to top: Jan. Nov. 1. 92. 6, 1. Feb. 1. 94. 6, May 1.

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Jan. 1. 64. 3, July 1. Living near a river had its advantages. Transport was easy: you were well connected to other cities on (navigable) water ways, and trade was a reliable way to wealth. In the Middle Ages, the Hanze cities formed a powerful trading alliance, linked by water transport. If you also were on a land trading route and had a bridge, that was even better. A bridge gave you a monopoly on land transport, and you could raise a toll.

Of course, if the neighbouring town also had a bridge, this reduced the income. But that was a solvable problem. Famously, Munich became a major city when, in 1. Freising, a major hub on the salt route. Munich took over the trading route, and Freising never recovered. The bishop was unmovable and after all this time, the bishopry is still based in Freising, not Munich. Freising also lays claim to the oldest brewery continuously in operation, Weihenstephan, starting in 1.

Germany values its traditions. A further advantage of the river was access to running water. The water powered the all- important water mills.

You couldn’t bake bread without working mills to grind the grain, but they were also used for cutting wood, making the tools for the farmers, and many other types of manufacturing. Rivers boosted the economy in so many ways. Why would anyone want to live anywhere else? But there was also a disadvantage. You found yourself at the mercy of the river. If the water flow increased, the river rose and the town might find itself within rather than without the river. Many historical reports are on floods, and the damage they did to towns, their bridges and mills, causing death, famine, and economic depression.

Living near a river was like walking on the San Andreas, or climbing Hekla. Life was good, but it could change suddenly and without warning. The weather report. The winter of 1. 34.

Little Ice Age, had been cold and changeable. A rare earthquake hit the Netherlands in January. Eastern Europe had a cold winter, with much snow, and hard frosts in December and January; this was followed by very warm weather in late January which melted the masses of snow and ice.

A second frost period came in mid February. In Western Europe, the hard frost only came in mid February, lasting until mid March. The melting snow caused rivers to rise, and the ice jams damaged many bridges. In January, Prague lost its famous Judith bridge to an ice jam.

This was one of the oldest stone bridges in Europe, and the replacement (the Charles bridge) was not finished until after the year 1. The Danube, Elbe and Seine all flooded in February. A storm flood hit Venice. After the winter, the spring was dry – so dry that in late May, the city of Mechelen caught fire (a common danger in the medieval towns, with wooden buildings, narrow streets and no water on tap) and was largely destroyed: thousands died. In other words, a normal year. The weather turned again mid- May and a rainy period followed.

England had cold, heavy rains throughout June, becoming even worse in early to mid July. Only in August did the ten weeks of rain finally come to a halt and a period of warm weather followed. We know less about the weather in Central Europe, but some rivers in Germany flooded in mid June, so in some places the dry period in May had come to an end, but elsewhere it appears the drought continued until July. Of course, people were much more dependent on the weather than they are nowadays. There was little food storage, and if the summer was bad and the harvest poor, people went hungry and starved. Bad winters could also kill: central heating was a dream. But so far, 1. 34.

But by mid July, the rains became biblical, kicking off the most dramatic river flood Germany has ever seen. On 1. 9 July, rivers across central Germany suddenly began to rise, including in places which had had no rain. The next day, Saturday, the rise accelerated and soon the water entered cities, flooding streets and buildings. The floods came unexpected: winter floods were normal and happened most years, but summer floods were far less common. And the water kept rising, reaching levels no one had ever seen.

People fled in panic; many died. Bridges, houses and towers collapsed. It took weeks for the waters to recede again. The damage was immense. Soil erosion became a major problem: in some areas one can still see the deep channels cut by the flow.

This was the legendary St. Mary Magdalene flood. Almost 7. 00 years later, Germany has still not seen its like. It was a true millennium flood. Germany is a land of many rivers.

In the north, the Rhine, Weser and Elbe flow to the North Sea. In the south, the Danube (Donau) and its many tributaries flow east, towards the Black Sea. The flood. It had started with rain. On Sunday 2. 1 July, the bishop of Wurzburg wrote “Also the underground reservoirs were broken and the floodgates of heaven opened and it rained on the earth as in the days of Noah . Not all reports do: in some areas the floods came without much rain. That must have been even more terrifying.

Frankfurt was the first to suffer the river deluge. The city lies along the river Main, the second- largest tributary of the Rhine. The rising river quickly overcame the defences, and flooded the town to 5. The flood levels have been recorded with plaques in buildings, and these show good consistency: the flood peaked at some 7. July. The Nikolai Church was 1. On the opposite side of the river, in Sachsenhausen the flood caused a hole in the main street 3. The old stone bridge over the Main, called the old bridge which was the pride of Frankfurt, collapsed on the 2.

July. There were no other bridges in the surrounding area. In Wurzburg, the floods came suddenly, on Sunday morning. Within hours the part of the city facing the river was under water.

The flood reached the cathedral. The peak level is not as well known as in Frankfurt, but is estimated at 1. The beautiful stone bridge collapsed, as did all other bridges and mills.

Parts of the city wall and some adjacent stone houses collapsed too. Cities downstream along the Rhine were badly hit. Mainz and Cologne were under water. The river Weser flooded, with cities such as Kassel and Hannover in deep trouble. Meiningen completely flooded within a single night and many people drowned. Further east, Halle and Erfurt were badly hit. Many of these towns lost their bridges.

Along the Danube, Regensburg flooded. But there were few reports of problems further upstream or downstream on the Danube.

France seems to have avoided the floods, apart from Avignon, on the Rhone, where there were reports of local heavy rains. The Netherlands suffered from the high water along the rivers, and on 2. July many river dikes broke. Frankfurt in the Middle Ages. The arrow points at the Nikolai church. Herget et al. The millennium flood of July 1. CATENA 1. 30 (2. 01.

Prague had already lost its bridge to the ice in February. In the July flood, bridges at Regensburg, Bamberg, Erfurt, Wurzburg, Frankfurt and Mainz, and probably many others, were destroyed. These bridges were major constructions. Don’t imagine narrow, wobbly crossings. These were the highways of their days, and doubled as a border crossing. They were stone- build, large enough to have buildings or even houses on them, often a chapel, and in one case the town hall. A mill might be built into the support pillars.

Large gates guarded the access to the bridge on both ends. The pillars were designed such that in the upstream direction they could act as an icebreaker. The bridge in Mainz was typical: it had 1.

The scale of the damage becomes understandable from the sheer height of the flood. In Mainz, the water reached higher than anyone had ever seen before. Cities were deep under water for days. The picture at the top of the post shows flood marks on a building along the Weser, each recording a different flood.

Magdala. Magdala (Migdal)   Ruins of an Early Roman fisherman village. Arbel cliffs, on the shores of Sea of Galilee. Known as the. home of Mary Magdalene. Home > Sites >.

Sea of Galilee> Magdala (Magdalene, Migdal. Taricheae)Background:   Magdala, the home of Mary Magdalene. Jesus was active in this region.

The. archaeologists uncovered the remains of the village dating from the time of. Jesus, and a large Byzantine monastery. Aerial Map:     The ruins of Magdala (Migdal) are located on. Sea of Galilee, 5 Kilometers north of. Tiberias, on the foothills of the Arbel cliffs. A modern town and.

History:    Magadala, or its Greek. Taricheae, became an important city in the Hellenistic. Its location on the ancient road  made it strategically. Netufa valley, via the Arbel valley.

Gennesareth valley on the shores of the sea of Galilee. The water springs nearby, fertile land and. Galilee regions in the Jewish Kingdom prior to the Romans. After. Tiberias was established (1. AD) in the early Roman period. Magdala started to lose its importance, although initially the. Jewish population refused to settle in the new city.

It continued, on a smaller scale,  as a Roman and Byzantine village. The village was evacuated in 1. Download Danish Girl (2015) Movie Online there.

It was. established in 1. Jewish settlers from Russia, became an. Moshav, and. continued to expand to include other residents and focus on tourism. B& B). This is a view of. The boat was excavated, restored, and is now on display in. Yigal Alon Museum in Ginnosar, the Kibbutz just north of Magdala. The Arbel creek flows through Magdala and was.

Between the cliffs, in the valley, there is the. Sepphoris, Cana and Nazareth.(b) Byzantine Monastery (south):    The first excavations in Magdala. German architect, R. Lendle, who purchased the land and excavated a. It was later sold to the Franciscan Custodian of the. Holy Land,  who later financed the excavations. The team unearthed a large Byzantine.

The. monastery was destroyed in the 7th century, but built again by the. Crusaders. Some sections of it were.

Arab village (Mejdel) that was built over it during. The Arab houses were removed in 1. The new Jewish village of Migdal is in the. The. standing structure is an Arab Weli (chapel), and a wall which was. Franciscans. It opened to a. They revealed sections of paved Roman streets, a Roman. The new areas were marked.

A'- 'G'- 'B'- 'C'- 'D', and are detailed below. These installations enabled.

Jewish residents of the town to maintain ritual. Their unique feature is that they used groundwater to fill. The upper sides of the houses and walls are now gone, and only. The three pools in houses. Miqveh #2,seen on the bottom right) and other two (#1, #3). Steps lead down into the water.

It. is accessed from a paved area within a house, then 7 wide steps lead. The are of the pool is 2. The maximum volume of water is 4. Only the walls above the water level are. The following photo shows a view from the north side. It carries the rising water to an overflow channel along.

Such overflow channel is required, since during. In order to protect it, a roof was constructed over the. Notice the high. cliffs of Arbel looming over the site.(c. Area 'A' (North eastern). East of the section is G, closer to the sea, is Area A.

It is. split by the walking path to northern and southern sections. It may have been part. West of this street are remains of several. Its eastern side rested up against a 1. This is part of the.

Franciscan compound. Four. buildings  were exposed in this area.

They are built of roughly. For a large. Jewish town, there were probably more synagogues at that time.

An Early Roman synagogue was exposed north of the Roman. C'. The structure was built in the beginning of the. AD and destroyed in the middle of the century. Behind it is the reading room. However, the floor may have been planned for mosaic paving. Around the floor, on all sides, are.

The colors included dark red, mustard yellow and. It was suggested that 6. The. ceiling was built with mortar on a base of wooden beams, and was.

It may. have been used to store the scrolls. It. stands on four short legs. The three objects are. It has three pillars - .

Below the arcade, on both sides of the central. Above the arches are. It is carved with.

On each side of the face are. Torah was placed for. Spiritual center (north east). The center is located on the north side of area 'A', and.

Seven pillars represent women followers of Jesus. A name is. marked on the pillar. The eight unmarked pillar honors women of. A tabernacle resides on the altar, which was blessed by.

Pope Francis during his visit to the Holy Land in 2. The one below is about the miracle of raising the. Jairus from the dead. The golden inscription above reads. Mark 5, 4. 1): . Its floor is paved with stones of the original first century market place of. Early Roman Magdala. A mural on the left illustrates yet another.

Biblical scene - the encounter between Jesus and the hemorrhaging. Mark 5: 2. 5- 2. 9).(f) Aerial view. The following You. Tube video shows a flight over the. Biblical References: Mark 1. Mary was one of the women that were cured by Jesus:     .

It is called. Taricheae.(a) Josephus Flavius (Life 3. Josephus, the Commander of the Jewish revolt against the Romans, and later. He writes that he fortified the city of Tarichess.

Taricheae). This name means in Greek: . He mentions that it is  about 6. KM away from Tiberias, on the. Sea of Gaililee, which is where Magdala is located. This lake is called by the people of the.

Lake of Gennesareth. The city itself is situated like Tiberias, at. Josephus.. The fishing industry. Migdal Tzabaya. where the latter word means painting.

Section of  Titus Arch, Rome - . Titus (on chariot, followed by Victory. Senate; on the outside are defeated Jews)Etymology (behind the name): Migdal - means . Probably another name for Magadala, as reported by.

Josephus. Migdal Nunaya - another name of the. Dalmanutha - . In Mark 8: 1. By comparing to. Matthew 1.