Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). Four girlfriends take a trip to New Orleans for an annual festival and, along the way, rediscover their wild sides and strengthen the bonds of sisterhood. Freecinema.co.uk is blog listing all the latest free cinema tickets codes for Odeon - Cineworld - VUE cinemas. The foot soldiers of the early feminist movement, women who were forced underground to pursue a dangerous game of cat and mouse with an increasingly brutal State.

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Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. WSPU poster by Hilda Dallas, 1.

Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to give women the right to vote. It finally succeeded through two laws in 1. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1. Reform Act and the 1. Municipal Corporations Act. Both before and after 1.

National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). As well as in England, women's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum. The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Lobbying did take place quietly. In 1. 91. 8, a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1.

In 1. 92. 8, the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act giving the vote to all women over the age of 2. Background. This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1. After the enactment of the Reform Act enactment the MP Henry Hunt argued that any woman who was single, a tax payer and had sufficient property should be allowed to vote. One such wealthy woman, Mary Smith, was used in this speech as an example. The Chartist Movement, which began in the late 1. There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett, one of the authors of the People's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter.

Although there were female Chartists, they largely worked toward universal male suffrage. At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote. There is a poll book from 1. These women were playing an active role in the election.

On the roll, the wealthiest female elector was Grace Brown, a butcher. Due to the high rates that she paid, Grace Brown was entitled to four votes. In error, however, her name had been added to the election register and on that basis she succeeded in voting in a by- election – her vote however was later declared illegal by the Court of Common Pleas. The case, however, gave women's suffrage campaigners great publicity. Outside pressure for women's suffrage was at this time diluted by feminist issues in general. Women's rights were becoming increasingly prominent in the 1. Feminist goals at this time included the right to sue an ex- husband after divorce (achieved in 1.

The issue of parliamentary reform declined along with the Chartists after 1. John Stuart Mill in 1. He stood for office showing direct support for female suffrage and was an MP in the run up to the second Reform Act. Early suffragist societies.

Although a society for suffrage was proposed, this was turned down on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists. However, later that year Leigh Smith Bodichon formed the first Women's Suffrage Committee and within a fortnight collected 1,5. Reform Bill. The Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage was founded in February 1.

Its secretary, Lydia Becker, wrote letters both to Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and to The Spectator. She was also involved with the London group, and organised the collection of more signatures. However, in June the London group split, partly a result of party allegiance, and partly the result of tactical issues. Conservative members wished to move slowly to avoid alarming public opinion, while Liberals generally opposed this apparent dilution of political conviction. As a result, Helen Taylor founded the London National Society for Women's Suffrage which set up strong links with Manchester and Edinburgh. In Scotland one of the earliest societies was the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage. The suffragists were known as the parliamentaries.

In Ireland, the Dublin Women's Suffrage Association was established in 1. As well as campaigning for women's suffrage, it sought to advance women's position in local government. In 1. 89. 8 it changed its name to the Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association. The formation of a national movement.

Firstly, they showed women who were members to be competent in the political arena and as this became clear, secondly, it brought the concept of female suffrage closer to acceptance. The Primrose League. As women were able to join, this gave females of all classes the ability to mix with local and national political figures. Many also had important roles such as bringing voters to the polls. This removed segregation and promoted political literacy amongst women. The League, however, did not promote women's suffrage as one of its objectives. The Women's Liberal Associations.

They did, however, operate independently from the male groups. They became more active when they came under the control of the Women's Liberal Federation, and canvassed all classes for support of women's suffrage and male domination.

Pressure groups. At this point, all campaigners were suffragists, not suffragettes. The term suffragette is only used to describe those who used violent protest, although the term is widely misused to describe all campaigners.

Up until 1. 90. 3, all campaigning took the constitutional approach. It was after the defeat of the first Women's Suffrage Bill that the Manchester and London committees joined together to gain wider support.

The main methods of doing so at this time involved lobbying MPs to put forward Private Member's Bills. However such bills rarely pass and so this was an ineffective way of actually achieving the vote.

In 1. 86. 8, local groups amalgamated to form a series of close- knit groups with the founding of the National Society for Women's Suffrage (NSWS). This is notable as the first attempt to create a unified front to propose women's suffrage, but had little effect due to several splits, once again weakening the campaign. Up until 1. 89. 7, the campaign stayed at this relatively ineffective level. Campaigners came predominantly from the landed classes and joined together on a small scale only. However, 1. 89. 7 saw the foundation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) by Millicent Fawcett. This society linked smaller groups together and also put pressure on non- supportive MPs using various peaceful methods. Pankhursts and suffragettes.

It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades. This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement. While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament, the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign. The WSPU, in contrast to its allies, embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue, even to the detriment of its own aims. The Cat and Mouse Act was passed by Parliament in an attempt to prevent suffragettes becoming martyrs in prison.

It provided the release of those whose hunger strikes and forced feeding had brought them sickness, as well as their re- imprisonment once they had recovered. Fast And Furious 8 (2017) Movie Dvd Watch here. The result was even greater publicity for the cause.

Historian Martin Pugh says, . Their battle with Liberals have become a, . This preoccupation with the struggle distinguished the WSPU from that by the NUWSS, which remained focused on obtaining women's suffrage. It is generally agreed that the WSPU revitalize the suffrage campaign initially, but that it is escalation of militancy after 1. Recent studies have shifted from claiming that the WSPU was responsible for women's suffrage to portraying it as an early form of radical feminism that sought to liberate women from male- centered gender system. While some activity continued, with the NUWSS continuing to lobby peacefully, Emmeline Pankhurst, convinced that Germany posed a danger to all humanity, convinced the WSPU to halt all militant suffrage activity.