World War I / Useful Notes. These two power blocs comprised the richest and most powerful empires and nation- states on earth, commanding empires in Europe and abroad, leading to the biggest, bloodiest, most expensive, most disruptive, most damaging and most traumatising war the world had ever seen. It left millions dead, maimed, shell- shocked, dispossessed, impoverished, starving and bitter. It forever shattered among a good contingent of individuals across multiple political spectrums the notion that War Is Glorious and through mechanized warfare unleashed violence on the human body and mind, on such a scale, that it could no longer be hidden, romanticized, or slid under the carpet from public eyes, the way violence in earlier wars was managed by nation states and Propaganda Machine. Most were grateful the war finally ended and that the ones who survived could go home, with the really lucky ones going back uninjured. The war is considered to be the true beginning of. The 2. 0th Century, severing continuity with the conformity, stability, and in retrospect, the comforting illusions of progress and decency that people ascribed to European civilization.

Four of Europe's great empires (Imperial Germany, Austria- Hungary, Tsarist Russia, Ottoman Empire) cracked apart, resulting in the liberation and formation of new nations, culminating in a revolution of a size and scale not seen since 1. The empires and nations that did come out status quo ante bellum, such as The British Empire and The French Colonial Empire found their power and uncontested influence weakened and challenged, both at home, and in their colonies, marking the beginning of the end of the age of empires that had defined the 1. Century, with the United States of America taking the role of a global leader for the first time, under President Woodrow Wilson.

The title, . The end of that conflict, followed by the Concert at Vienna in 1. Balance of Power that lasted for almost exactly a hundred years. The hope of the Concert was to contain the specter of revolution that they saw as a threat to national and domestic stability. The gradual fracturing of that alliance towards the end of the century, ultimately led to the return of revolution and domestic and national instability that in Europe would not heal until the fall of the USSR. In the case of other parts of the world affected by the war, chiefly the Middle East, that had once formed part of the Ottoman Empire, that instability still remains and persists well into the 2. Century, with no sign of ebbing for several decades past the approaching centennial of armistice. It perhaps comes a close second in the Anglosphere for The Vietnam War, and by some measures manages to beat Algeria in the Francosphere (when the speaker knows, and can bear, to bring the latter up).

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In hindsight, the final resolution of the war has come to be dubbed . Although Russian mobilization is closely modeled on and just as (if not more) efficient than French mobilization (1. Russia is a much bigger country than France and so it takes a few days on top of that to move the last of those shiny new units to wherever you want them. That doesn't even begin to cover the way that France has an army only a little bit smaller than Germany's (4/5 the size including reserves), mobilizes faster than Germany can, and will support Russia (by attacking Germany) in any war between the two . Italy also wants Austro- Hungarian territories that contain Italian minorities, but the latter won't give them up even to preserve their alliance.

On 1 August France and Germany mobilize their reserves simultaneously, Germany's mobilization coming with a formal declaration of war (upon France, Belgium, and Luxembourg). Britain declares war upon Germanynote  because the Cabinet had agreed that they would go to war if Germany declared war on Belgium. There was a group of hardliners who wanted war with Germany no matter what, but the Cabinet as a whole felt that entering a war and formally joining the Entente Cordiale would be deeply unpopular unless it was done in response to an invasion of Belgium.

Unspoken was the way the war was a marvelous opportunity to submerge internal dissent (chiefly Irish devolution, safe working conditions and livable pay, and womens' rights) and cripple the German economy , and members of the British Commonwealth - India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, among others - follow suit. German army against France and c. Russia. The plan is flexible, so deployed troops can be used for offensive or counter- offensive actions. Under Chief- of- Staff Schlieffen (retired 1. But his successor Chief of Staff Moltke advocated offensive action instead on the grounds that the tactical efficiency of the defense was only marginal - thus always being the attacker was crucial to victory in any battle (as 'proved', inverted commas, in the Russo- Japanese War).

Either way, a 'decisive battle' was only possible in the west—a maximum of 4. Army could be deployed and kept supplied in the east, so victory there would be neither as tactically nor strategically decisive (German forces would be too small and the Russians' ability to replace losses was very good). Aufmarsch I entails an invasion of (northern) Belgium and Luxembourg with c. French Army. The French and Russian armies, and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of 5. A German force of 2. Belgium meets a French force of 2. The French force attacks during heavy downpours without scouting out the German positions or waiting for their artillery to catch up and takes heavy losses.

The German force subsequently disobeys orders to continue moving north- west and instead pursues the fleeing French forces south- west. The German force then uses the rail network to re- group and meet up with 2. France, mass, and launch counter- offensive against a second Russian force of 2. Lithuania at Masurian Lakes. After the battle, though, German forces were too weak and exhausted to pursue them into Lithuania proper, where the freshly- mobilized Russian Reserve Army of c.

The German army opportunistically hounds the southward retreat of French forces, until their pursuit grinds to a halt east of Paris on river Marne note  This second offensive is most definitely premature and unwise—the Belgian rail lines are still not repaired at the time, meaning the German right wing is over 1. The lack of supplies includes fodder for the very horses used to draw the transport wagons (in the short- term meaning weakness as well as exhaustion, which contributes to crippling rates of sickness among the poor creatures, and in the long- term meaning death). The German army is not as well- equipped with non- rail transport as the French, as the assumption of pre- war planning was that Germany would be on the defensive in at least the initial stage of a war with France and Russia. Conversely, the French army is well- equipped with non- rail transport due to a provision of Plan XVII for the invasion of Belgian and German territory in support of Russia . The Germans ask for refuge in Ottoman waters and are refused— but the Ottomans agree to buy both warships.

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However, as the Ottomans lack sailors trained to operate the ships, the German crews are allowed to remain on board while they train Ottoman replacements. Movies On Blu Ray Dvd A Quiet Passion (2017). Then, when both ships have been allowed into the Black Sea and are officially under the Ottoman flag, the crews mutiny and sail off to shell Russian ports. Russia wants the greater influence over the Balkans that would come with the destruction of the Ottoman Empire and notes that Britain will be able to help out by attacking the Ottomans directly (and they might even end up doing most of the work), so this means war!

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